1.0.0[−][src]Trait core::convert::From
Used to do value-to-value conversions while consuming the input value. It is the reciprocal of
Into.
One should always prefer implementing From over Into
because implementing From automatically provides one with an implementation of Into
thanks to the blanket implementation in the standard library.
Only implement Into when targeting a version prior to Rust 1.41 and converting to a type
outside the current crate.
From was not able to do these types of conversions in earlier versions because of Rust's
orphaning rules.
See Into for more details.
Prefer using Into over using From when specifying trait bounds on a generic function.
This way, types that directly implement Into can be used as arguments as well.
The From is also very useful when performing error handling. When constructing a function
that is capable of failing, the return type will generally be of the form Result<T, E>.
The From trait simplifies error handling by allowing a function to return a single error type
that encapsulate multiple error types. See the "Examples" section and the book for more
details.
Note: This trait must not fail. If the conversion can fail, use TryFrom.
Generic Implementations
From<T> for UimpliesInto<U> for TFromis reflexive, which means thatFrom<T> for Tis implemented
Examples
String implements From<&str>:
An explicit conversion from a &str to a String is done as follows:
let string = "hello".to_string(); let other_string = String::from("hello"); assert_eq!(string, other_string);Run
While performing error handling it is often useful to implement From for your own error type.
By converting underlying error types to our own custom error type that encapsulates the
underlying error type, we can return a single error type without losing information on the
underlying cause. The '?' operator automatically converts the underlying error type to our
custom error type by calling Into<CliError>::into which is automatically provided when
implementing From. The compiler then infers which implementation of Into should be used.
use std::fs; use std::io; use std::num; enum CliError { IoError(io::Error), ParseError(num::ParseIntError), } impl From<io::Error> for CliError { fn from(error: io::Error) -> Self { CliError::IoError(error) } } impl From<num::ParseIntError> for CliError { fn from(error: num::ParseIntError) -> Self { CliError::ParseError(error) } } fn open_and_parse_file(file_name: &str) -> Result<i32, CliError> { let mut contents = fs::read_to_string(&file_name)?; let num: i32 = contents.trim().parse()?; Ok(num) }Run
Required methods
#[lang = "from"]fn from(_: T) -> Self
Performs the conversion.
Implementors
impl From<!> for Infallible[src]
impl From<!> for TryFromIntError[src]
fn from(never: !) -> TryFromIntError[src]
impl From<Infallible> for TryFromSliceError[src]
fn from(x: Infallible) -> TryFromSliceError[src]
impl From<Infallible> for TryFromIntError[src]
fn from(x: Infallible) -> TryFromIntError[src]
impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroI16[src]
Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroI16 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroI32[src]
Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroI32 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroI64[src]
Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroI128[src]
Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroIsize[src]
Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroIsize losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroI8> for i8[src]
impl From<NonZeroI16> for NonZeroI32[src]
Converts NonZeroI16 to NonZeroI32 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroI16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroI16> for NonZeroI64[src]
Converts NonZeroI16 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroI16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroI16> for NonZeroI128[src]
Converts NonZeroI16 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroI16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroI16> for NonZeroIsize[src]
Converts NonZeroI16 to NonZeroIsize losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroI16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroI16> for i16[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI16) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroI16 into an i16
impl From<NonZeroI32> for NonZeroI64[src]
Converts NonZeroI32 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroI32) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroI32> for NonZeroI128[src]
Converts NonZeroI32 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroI32) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroI32> for i32[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI32) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroI32 into an i32
impl From<NonZeroI64> for NonZeroI128[src]
Converts NonZeroI64 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroI64) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroI64> for i64[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI64) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroI64 into an i64
impl From<NonZeroI128> for i128[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI128) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroI128 into an i128
impl From<NonZeroIsize> for isize[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroIsize) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroIsize into an isize
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroI16[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroI16 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroI32[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroI32 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroI64[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroI128[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroIsize[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroIsize losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroU16[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroU16 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroU32[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroU32 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroU64[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroU64 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroU128[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroU128 losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroUsize[src]
Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroUsize losslessly.
impl From<NonZeroU8> for u8[src]
impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroI32[src]
Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroI32 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroI64[src]
Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroI128[src]
Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroU32[src]
Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroU32 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroU64[src]
Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroU64 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroU128[src]
Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroU128 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroUsize[src]
Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroUsize losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU16> for u16[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU16) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroU16 into an u16
impl From<NonZeroU32> for NonZeroI64[src]
Converts NonZeroU32 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU32) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU32> for NonZeroI128[src]
Converts NonZeroU32 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU32) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU32> for NonZeroU64[src]
Converts NonZeroU32 to NonZeroU64 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU32) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU32> for NonZeroU128[src]
Converts NonZeroU32 to NonZeroU128 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU32) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU32> for u32[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU32) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroU32 into an u32
impl From<NonZeroU64> for NonZeroI128[src]
Converts NonZeroU64 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU64) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU64> for NonZeroU128[src]
Converts NonZeroU64 to NonZeroU128 losslessly.
fn from(small: NonZeroU64) -> Self[src]
impl From<NonZeroU64> for u64[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU64) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroU64 into an u64
impl From<NonZeroU128> for u128[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU128) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroU128 into an u128
impl From<NonZeroUsize> for usize[src]
fn from(nonzero: NonZeroUsize) -> Self[src]
Converts a NonZeroUsize into an usize
impl From<bool> for AtomicBool[src]
impl From<bool> for i8[src]
Converts a bool to a i8. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(i8::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(i8::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for i16[src]
Converts a bool to a i16. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(i16::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(i16::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for i32[src]
Converts a bool to a i32. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(i32::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(i32::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for i64[src]
Converts a bool to a i64. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(i64::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(i64::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for i128[src]
Converts a bool to a i128. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(i128::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(i128::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for isize[src]
Converts a bool to a isize. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(isize::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(isize::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for u8[src]
Converts a bool to a u8. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(u8::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(u8::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for u16[src]
Converts a bool to a u16. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(u16::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(u16::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for u32[src]
Converts a bool to a u32. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(u32::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(u32::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for u64[src]
Converts a bool to a u64. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(u64::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(u64::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for u128[src]
Converts a bool to a u128. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(u128::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(u128::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<bool> for usize[src]
Converts a bool to a usize. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true
values.
Examples
assert_eq!(usize::from(true), 1); assert_eq!(usize::from(false), 0);Run
impl From<char> for u32[src]
impl From<f32> for f64[src]
Converts f32 to f64 losslessly.
impl From<i8> for AtomicI8[src]
impl From<i8> for f32[src]
Converts i8 to f32 losslessly.
impl From<i8> for f64[src]
Converts i8 to f64 losslessly.
impl From<i8> for i16[src]
Converts i8 to i16 losslessly.
impl From<i8> for i32[src]
Converts i8 to i32 losslessly.
impl From<i8> for i64[src]
Converts i8 to i64 losslessly.
impl From<i8> for i128[src]
Converts i8 to i128 losslessly.
impl From<i8> for isize[src]
Converts i8 to isize losslessly.
impl From<i16> for AtomicI16[src]
impl From<i16> for f32[src]
Converts i16 to f32 losslessly.
impl From<i16> for f64[src]
Converts i16 to f64 losslessly.
impl From<i16> for i32[src]
Converts i16 to i32 losslessly.
impl From<i16> for i64[src]
Converts i16 to i64 losslessly.
impl From<i16> for i128[src]
Converts i16 to i128 losslessly.
impl From<i16> for isize[src]
Converts i16 to isize losslessly.
impl From<i32> for AtomicI32[src]
impl From<i32> for f64[src]
Converts i32 to f64 losslessly.
impl From<i32> for i64[src]
Converts i32 to i64 losslessly.
impl From<i32> for i128[src]
Converts i32 to i128 losslessly.
impl From<i64> for AtomicI64[src]
impl From<i64> for i128[src]
Converts i64 to i128 losslessly.
impl From<isize> for AtomicIsize[src]
impl From<u8> for AtomicU8[src]
impl From<u8> for char[src]
Maps a byte in 0x00..=0xFF to a char whose code point has the same value, in U+0000..=U+00FF.
Unicode is designed such that this effectively decodes bytes with the character encoding that IANA calls ISO-8859-1. This encoding is compatible with ASCII.
Note that this is different from ISO/IEC 8859-1 a.k.a. ISO 8859-1 (with one less hyphen), which leaves some "blanks", byte values that are not assigned to any character. ISO-8859-1 (the IANA one) assigns them to the C0 and C1 control codes.
Note that this is also different from Windows-1252 a.k.a. code page 1252, which is a superset ISO/IEC 8859-1 that assigns some (not all!) blanks to punctuation and various Latin characters.
To confuse things further, on the Web
ascii, iso-8859-1, and windows-1252 are all aliases
for a superset of Windows-1252 that fills the remaining blanks with corresponding
C0 and C1 control codes.
impl From<u8> for f32[src]
Converts u8 to f32 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for f64[src]
Converts u8 to f64 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for i16[src]
Converts u8 to i16 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for i32[src]
Converts u8 to i32 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for i64[src]
Converts u8 to i64 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for i128[src]
Converts u8 to i128 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for isize[src]
Converts u8 to isize losslessly.
impl From<u8> for u16[src]
Converts u8 to u16 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for u32[src]
Converts u8 to u32 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for u64[src]
Converts u8 to u64 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for u128[src]
Converts u8 to u128 losslessly.
impl From<u8> for usize[src]
Converts u8 to usize losslessly.
impl From<u16> for AtomicU16[src]
impl From<u16> for f32[src]
Converts u16 to f32 losslessly.
impl From<u16> for f64[src]
Converts u16 to f64 losslessly.
impl From<u16> for i32[src]
Converts u16 to i32 losslessly.
impl From<u16> for i64[src]
Converts u16 to i64 losslessly.
impl From<u16> for i128[src]
Converts u16 to i128 losslessly.
impl From<u16> for u32[src]
Converts u16 to u32 losslessly.
impl From<u16> for u64[src]
Converts u16 to u64 losslessly.
impl From<u16> for u128[src]
Converts u16 to u128 losslessly.
impl From<u16> for usize[src]
Converts u16 to usize losslessly.
impl From<u32> for AtomicU32[src]
impl From<u32> for f64[src]
Converts u32 to f64 losslessly.
impl From<u32> for i64[src]
Converts u32 to i64 losslessly.
impl From<u32> for i128[src]
Converts u32 to i128 losslessly.
impl From<u32> for u64[src]
Converts u32 to u64 losslessly.
impl From<u32> for u128[src]
Converts u32 to u128 losslessly.
impl From<u64> for AtomicU64[src]
impl From<u64> for i128[src]
Converts u64 to i128 losslessly.
impl From<u64> for u128[src]
Converts u64 to u128 losslessly.
impl From<usize> for AtomicUsize[src]
impl<'a, T> From<&'a Option<T>> for Option<&'a T>[src]
fn from(o: &'a Option<T>) -> Option<&'a T>[src]
Converts from &Option<T> to Option<&T>.
Examples
Converts an Option<String> into an Option<usize>, preserving the original.
The map method takes the self argument by value, consuming the original,
so this technique uses as_ref to first take an Option to a reference
to the value inside the original.
let s: Option<String> = Some(String::from("Hello, Rustaceans!")); let o: Option<usize> = Option::from(&s).map(|ss: &String| ss.len()); println!("Can still print s: {:?}", s); assert_eq!(o, Some(18));Run
impl<'a, T> From<&'a mut Option<T>> for Option<&'a mut T>[src]
impl<T> From<!> for T[src]
Stability note: This impl does not yet exist, but we are "reserving space" to add it in the future. See rust-lang/rust#64715 for details.