xcalc - scientific calculator for X
xcalc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-toolkitoption...]
xcalc is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a
  TI-30 or an HP-10C.
xcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command line options along with
  two additional options:
  - -stipple
- This option indicates that the background of the calculator should be
      drawn using a stipple of the foreground and background colors. On
      monochrome displays improves the appearance.
- -rpn
- This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation should be used. In this
      mode the calculator will look and behave like an HP-10C. Without this
      flag, it will emulate a TI-30.
Pointer Usage: Operations may be performed with pointer button 1, or in
  some cases, with the keyboard. Many common calculator operations have keyboard
  accelerators. To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key of the TI
  calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator.Calculator Key Usage (TI mode): The numbered keys, the +/-
    key, and the +, -, *, /, and = keys all do exactly what you would expect
    them to. It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of
    precedence. Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not
    "35". The parentheses can be used to override this. For example,
    "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)=" results in "6*15=90".
The entire number in the calculator display can be selected, in
    order to paste the result of a calculation into text.
The action procedures associated with each function are given
    below. These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom
    calculator. The action used for all digit keys is
    digit(n), where n is the corresponding digit,
    0..9.
  - 1/x
- Replaces the number in the display with its reciprocal. The corresponding
      action procedure is reciprocal().
- x^2
- Squares the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is
      square().
- SQRT
- Takes the square root of the number in the display. The corresponding
      action procedure is squareRoot().
- CE/C
- When pressed once, clears the number in the display without clearing the
      state of the machine. Allows you to re-enter a number if you make a
      mistake. Pressing it twice clears the state, also. The corresponding
      action procedure for TI mode is clear().
- AC
- Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third
      pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. The
      action procedure to clear the state is off(); to quit,
      quit().
- INV
- Invert function. See the individual function keys for details. The
      corresponding action procedure is inverse().
- sin
- Computes the sine of the number in the display, as interpreted by the
      current DRG mode (see DRG, below). If inverted, it computes the arcsine.
      The corresponding action procedure is sine().
- cos
- Computes the cosine, or arccosine when inverted. The corresponding action
      procedure is cosine().
- tan
- Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted. The corresponding
      action procedure is tangent().
- DRG
- Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD' at the
      bottom of the calculator ``liquid crystal'' display. When in 'DEG' mode,
      numbers in the display are taken as being degrees. In 'RAD' mode, numbers
      are in radians, and in 'GRAD' mode, numbers are in grads. When inverted,
      the DRG key has a feature of converting degrees to radians to grads and
      vice-versa. Example: put the calculator into 'DEG' mode, and enter
      "45 INV DRG". The display should now show something along the
      lines of ".785398", which is 45 degrees converted to radians.
      The corresponding action procedure is degree().
- e
- The constant 'e'. (2.7182818...). The corresponding action procedure is
      e().
- EE
- Used for entering exponential numbers. For example, to get
      "-2.3E-4" you'd enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-". The
      corresponding action procedure is scientific().
- log
- Calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. When inverted,
      it raises "10.0" to the number in the display. For example,
      entering "3 INV log" should result in "1000". The
      corresponding action procedure is logarithm().
- ln
- Calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. When inverted,
      it raises "e" to the number in the display. For example,
      entering "e ln" should result in "1". The
      corresponding action procedure is naturalLog().
- y^x
- Raises the number on the left to the power of the number on the right. For
      example "2 y^x 3 =" results in "8", which is 2^3. For
      a further example, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals "6 y^x
      3" which equals "216". The corresponding action procedure
      is power().
- not
- Performs a bitwise not. The corresponding action procedure is
      not().
- and
- Performs a bitwise and. The corresponding action procedure is
      and().
- or
- Performs a bitwise or. The corresponding action procedure is
    or().
- xor
- Performs a bitwise exclusive or. The corresponding action procedure is
      xor().
- trunc
- Truncates the number in the display to an integer. The corresponding
      action procedure is trunc().
- PI
- The constant 'pi'. (3.1415927....) The corresponding action procedure is
      pi().
- x!
- Computes the factorial of the number in the display. The number in the
      display must be an integer in the range 0-500, though, depending on your
      math library, it might overflow long before that. The corresponding action
      procedure is factorial().
- (
- Left parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators is
      leftParen().
- )
- Right parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators
      is rightParen().
- base
- Changes the number base, as indicated by 'DEC', 'HEX, or 'OCT' at the
      bottom of the calculator display. When in 'DEC' mode, numbers in the
      display are taken as being decimal (base 10). In 'HEX' mode, numbers are
      in hexadecimal (base 16), and in 'OCT' mode, numbers are in octal (base
      8). The corresponding action procedure is base().
- shl
- Performs an arithmetic bitwise shift left, For example, entering "1
      shl 2" should result in "4". The corresponding action
      procedure is shl().
- shr
- Performs an arithmetic bitwise shift right, For example, entering "8
      shr 1" should result in "4". The corresponding action
      procedure is shr().
- mod
- Performs the modulo operation, which calculates the remainder when
      dividing the first number by the second. For example, entering "14
      mod 8" should result in "6". The corresponding action
      procedure is mod().
- /
- Division. The corresponding action procedure is divide().
- *
- Multiplication. The corresponding action procedure is
    multiply().
- -
- Subtraction. The corresponding action procedure is subtract().
- +
- Addition. The corresponding action procedure is add().
- =
- Perform calculation. The TI-specific action procedure is
    equal().
- STO
- Copies the number in the display to the memory location. The corresponding
      action procedure is store().
- RCL
- Copies the number from the memory location to the display. The
      corresponding action procedure is recall().
- SUM
- Adds the number in the display to the number in the memory location. The
      corresponding action procedure is sum().
- EXC
- Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory location.
      The corresponding action procedure for the TI calculator is
      exchange().
- +/-
- Negate; change sign. The corresponding action procedure is
      negate().
- .
- Decimal point. The action procedure is decimal().
    
  
Calculator Key Usage (RPN mode): The number keys, CHS
    (change sign), +, -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what you would
    expect them to do. Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode.
    The differences are detailed below. The action procedure for the ENTR key is
    enter().
  - <-
- This is a backspace key that can be used if you make a mistake while
      entering a number. It will erase digits from the display. (See BUGS).
      Inverse backspace will clear the X register. The corresponding action
      procedure is back().
- ON
- Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third
      pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the program. To
      clear state, the action procedure is off; to quit,
    quit().
- INV
- Inverts the meaning of the function keys. This would be the f key
      on an HP calculator, but xcalc does not display multiple legends on
      each key. See the individual function keys for details.
- 10^x
- Raises "10.0" to the number in the top of the stack. When
      inverted, it calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display.
      The corresponding action procedure is tenpower().
- e^x
- Raises "e" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted,
      it calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. The action
      procedure is epower().
- STO
- Copies the number in the top of the stack to a memory location. There are
      10 memory locations. The desired memory is specified by following this key
      with a digit key.
- RCL
- Pushes the number from the specified memory location onto the stack.
- SUM
- Adds the number on top of the stack to the number in the specified memory
      location.
- x:y
- Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack positions, the X and Y
      registers. The corresponding action procedure is XexchangeY().
- R v
- Rolls the stack downward. When inverted, it rolls the stack upward. The
      corresponding action procedure is roll().
- blank
- These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-10C. Their
      functionality has not been duplicated in xcalc.
Finally, there are two additional action procedures:
    bell(), which rings the bell; and selection(), which performs
    a cut on the entire number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal''
  display.
Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands. xcalc provides some
  sample keyboard accelerators; also users can customize accelerators. The
  numeric keypad accelerators provided by xcalc should be intuitively
  correct. The accelerators defined by xcalc on the main keyboard are
  given below:
  
    | TI Key | HP Key | Keyboard Accelerator | TI Function | HP Function | 
  
    | SQRT | SQRT | r | squareRoot() | squareRoot() | 
  
    | AC | ON | space | clear() | clear() | 
  
    | AC | <- | Delete | clear() | back() | 
  
    | AC | <- | Backspace | clear() | back() | 
  
    | AC | <- | Control-H | clear() | back() | 
  
    | AC |  | Clear | clear() | 
  
    | AC | ON | q | quit() | quit() | 
  
    | AC | ON | Control-C | quit() | quit() | 
  
  
  
    | INV | i | i | inverse() | inverse() | 
  
    | sin | s | s | sine() | sine() | 
  
    | cos | c | c | cosine() | cosine() | 
  
    | tan | t | t | tangent() | tangent() | 
  
    | DRG | DRG | d | degree() | degree() | 
  
  
  
    | e |  | e | e() | 
  
    | ln | ln | l | naturalLog() | naturalLog() | 
  
    | y^x | y^x | ^ | power() | power() | 
  
  
  
    | PI | PI | p | pi() | pi() | 
  
    | x! | x! | ! | factorial() | factorial() | 
  
    | ( |  | ( | leftParen() | 
  
    | ) |  | ) | rightParen() | 
  
  
  
    | / | / | / | divide() | divide() | 
  
    | * | * | * | multiply() | multiply() | 
  
    | - | - | - | subtract() | subtract() | 
  
    | + | + | + | add() | add() | 
  
    | = |  | = | equal() | 
  
  
  
    | 0..9 | 0..9 | 0..9 | digit() | digit() | 
  
    | +/- | CHS | n | negate() | negate() | 
  
  
  
    |  | x:y | x |  | XexchangeY() | 
  
    |  | ENTR | Return |  | enter() | 
  
    |  | ENTR | Linefeed |  | enter() | 
The application class name is XCalc.
xcalc has an enormous application defaults file which
    specifies the position, label, and function of each key on the calculator.
    It also gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators. Because these
    resources are not specified in the source code, you can create a customized
    calculator by writing a private application defaults file, using the Athena
    Command and Form widget resources to specify the size and position of
    buttons, the label for each button, and the function of each button.
The foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be
    individually specified. For the TI calculator, a classical color resource
    specification might be:
XCalc.ti.Command.background:	gray50
  
  XCalc.ti.Command.foreground:	white
For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify:
  
  XCalc.ti.button20.background:	black
  
  XCalc.ti.button20.foreground:	white
For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38,
    and 39:
  
  XCalc.ti.button22.background:	white
  
  XCalc.ti.button22.foreground:	black
In order to specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of the widgets
  which compose xcalc. In the notation below, indentation indicates
  hierarchical structure. The widget class name is given first, followed by the
  widget instance name.
XCalc xcalc
        Form  ti  or  hp    (the name depends on the mode)
                Form  bevel
                        Form  screen
                                Label  M
                                Toggle  LCD
                                Label  INV
                                Label  DEG
                                Label  RAD
                                Label  GRAD
                                Label  P
                Command  button1
                Command  button2
                Command  button3
and so on, ...
                Command  button38
                Command  button39
                Command  button40
  - rpn (Class Rpn)
- Specifies that the rpn mode should be used. The default is TI mode.
- stipple (Class Stipple)
- Indicates that the background should be stippled. The default is ``on''
      for monochrome displays, and ``off'' for color displays.
- cursor (Class Cursor)
- The name of the symbol used to represent the pointer. The default is
      ``hand2''.
    
 
If you would like xcalc to use its ti colors, include the following in the
  #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with xrdb:*customization: -color
This will cause xcalc to pick up the colors in the app-defaults
    color customization file:
    /usr/X11R7/lib/X11/app-defaults/XCalc-color.
  
X(7), xrdb(1), the Athena Widget Set
HP mode is not completely debugged. In particular, the stack is not handled
  properly after errors.
John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania
Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena
Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium